Burma Religion (Burma) Essay Example for Free

Burma Religion (Burma) Essay Since the Myanmar ancient times, there has been full freedom of worship for followers of Burma religions in Myanmar. So many different religions can be practiced in Myanmar. Buddhism is practiced by almost 90 percent of Myanmar religion Burmas population, with the Myanmar Theravada Buddhism School being the most prevalent. It has a firm hold in Myanmars culture along with an observance of animism, or the worship of ancestors (nat). In Myanmar culture, there are many Myanmar festivals and celebrations held that correlate with nat. Nat also has influence on the practice of Myanmar traditional medicine in Myanmar religion Burma. There are other religions in Myanmar, but they are not as widespread as Buddhism and animism. Some of the beliefs found include Christianity (Baptists) in Myanmar hill areas and Muslims. Christianity is practiced by 5.5 percent of Burmese Myanmar, Islam by 3.8 percent Hinduism by 0.5 percent and Animism by 0.2 percent before respectively in Myanmar. Myanmar is a predominantly Theravada Buddhist country. Buddhism reached Myanmar around the beginning of the Christian era, mingling with Hinduism (also imported from India) and indigenous animism in Myanmar. The Pyu and Mon kingdoms of the first millennium were Buddhist, but the early Burmese Myanmar peoples were animists. According to Myanmar religion Burma traditional history, Myanmar King Anawrahta of Bagan adopted Buddhism in 1056 and went to war with the Mon kingdom of Thaton in the south of Myanmar country in order to obtain the Buddhist Canon and learned Myanmar monks in Myanmar religion history. The religious Myanmar tradition created at this time, and which continues to the present day in Myanmar, is a syncretalist mix of what might be termed pure Buddhism (of the Sri Lankan or Theravada school) with deep-rooted elements of the original animism or nat-worship and even strands of Hinduism and the Mahayana tradition of northern India. Islam reached Myanmar at approximately the same time, but never gained a foothold outside the geographically isolated seaboard running from modern Bangladesh southwards to the delta of the Ayeyarwady (modern Rakhine, known previously to the British as Arakan, and an independent kingdom until the eighteenth century) Myanmar. The colonial period saw a huge influx of Muslim (and Hindu) Indians into Yangon and other Myanmar  cities, and the majority of Yangons many mosques and temples owe their origins to these immigrants. Christianity was brought to Myanmar by European missionaries in the 19th century. It made little if any headway among Myanmar Buddhists, but has been widely adopted by non-Buddhists such as the Karen and Kachin in Myanmar. The Chinese contribution to Myanmars religious mix has been slight, but several traditional Myanmar Chinese temples were established in Yangon and other Myanmar large cities in the nineteenth century when large-scale Chinese migration was encouraged by the British. Since approximately 1990 this migration has resumed in huge numbers, but the modern Chinese immigrants seem to have little interest in Myanmar religion Burma. Some more isolated indigenous peoples in the more inaccessible parts of Myanmar country still follow traditional animism. The Roman Catholic Church, Myanmar Baptist Convention and the Assemblies of God of Myanmar are the largest Christian denominations in Myanmar. There are no totally reliable demographic statistics form Myanmar, but the following is one estimate of the religious composition of Myanmar country: Buddhists: 87% Animists: 5% Christians: 4.5% Muslims: 4% Hindus: 1.5% Burma Arts Jamie Therese Jainar The culture of Myanmar has been heavily influenced by Buddhism. More recently, British imperialism has influenced aspects of Burmese culture, such as language and education. More recently, British imperialism has influenced aspects of Burmese culture, such as language and education. Its neighbors, particularly India, China, and Thailand, have made major contributions to Myanmar culture. In more  recent times, British colonial rule and westernisation have influenced aspects of Burmese culture, including language and education. Historically, Burmese art and literature was based on Buddhist or Hindu cosmology and myths. In addition to the traditional arts are silk weaving, pottery, tapestry making, gemstone engraving, and gold leaf making. Temple architecture is typically of brick and stucco, and pagodas are often covered with layers of gold leaf while monasteries tend to be built of wood. Although court culture has been extinguished, popular street-level culture is vibrant and thriving. Drama is the mainstay of this culture, and just about any celebration is a good excuse for a pwe (show). Performances may recount Buddhist legends, or be more light-hearted entertainments involving slapstick comedy, dance, ensemble singing or giant puppets. Myanmar music is an integral part of a pwe; it originates from Thai and emphasizes rhythm and melody. Instruments are predominantly percussive and include drums, boat-shaped harps, gongs and bamboo flutes. The toys of Myanmar are not only for the children but also famous in the world, known as the Marionettes (or) Puppets of Myanmar. It’s a combination of Myanmar Art and Culture, together to show the inner expressions of the Myanmar people. A. The Prehistoric Period c. 1100 BC to 200 BC The Pre historic Period in Burma is known from a limited number of excavations that were carried out in selected rock shelters, caves and other sites along the middle course of the Irrawaddy River. Since Burma even today is sparsely populated, it would not be surprising to find that early cultures in Burma developed in isolation. However, the artifacts uncovered in these digs resemble those in other parts of Southeast Asia indicating that there was meaningful contact over wide areas at a very early date, and the arts in Burma were not isolated even at this early time. This pattern of intra-area contact continued into the later historical periods. Since there are no written records for this early period, we know little about religious practice. However, since the artifacts that have been discovered conform to those used in small-scale societies for animist rituals, it might be presupposed that these early societies practiced a type of Animism. Therefore, Animism, and artifacts associated with its practice, will be discussed as a bridge between this most remote period and contemporary  animist art forms. B. The Pre-Pagan Period Mon and Pyu Urbanism c. 2nd BC – 8 AD During the Pre-Pagan Period there is ample evidence that the lowland peoples in Burma adopted ideas from India as indicated by a few standing structures, numerous excavated foundations, and a wide array of artifacts. These materials were produced for worship in Animism and Hinduism as well as Mahayanna and Theravada Buddhism. The first cities appear throughout central Burma and were directly dependent on extensive irrigation systems. Thus begins the parmountcy of the central region of Burma that continues until the present. The cities occur in well-planned forms that are a combination of indigenous and Indian concepts. Within these cities, the first buildings in non-perishable materials were constructed. These brick and mortar buildings were all used for religious purposes whereas secular buildings, even palaces, continued to be made of perishable materials until the modern era. This dichotomy between the type of material used for construction and the use of the building generally continued through all later developmental periods. Also, at this time, a particular interest develops for two types of religious structures – the Buddhist stupa and the Buddhist temple. Brick foundations of what were most probably the first monasteries are dated to this period. Although the number of images from the Pre-Pagan Period is limited, the diversity of styles and subject matter is generally broader than in later periods. The Mon and Pyu languages are written using alphabets and concepts adopted from India. A Burmese calendar was later created that begins with the fall of the Pyu dynasty in 836 AD. C. The Pagan Period 11th to 13th centuries Classic forms emerged during the Pagan Period for many aspects of Burmese culture, including the economic, political, religious, social, and artistic. These forms were the models used by later Burmese dynasties to create new but related forms, often through slightly modifing their content. Classic architectural forms emerged as embodied in the Shwezigon Stupa and the Ananda Temple that were repeatedly copied by later donors. The styles of sculpture from the Pagan Period were also periodically revived. Theravada Buddhism became the preferred faith and thereafter remained the predominant Burmese religion. The first examples of figurative painting occur on temple walls and employ the Pala style of India and Nepal. Although Pagan ceased  to be the political capital of Burma in the 13th century, the city continued to be a respected religious center and many later monarchs returned to Pagan to endow new foundations or refurbish old ones. D. The Post Pagan Period -14th to 20th centuries After the decline of Pagan, Burma fragmented into a number of small kingdoms that looked back to Pagan for validation and for artistic inspiration. None of these kingdoms rivaled the earlier period in art and architectural accomplishments and all can be seen as â€Å"Pagan writ small†. Pagan buildings were proudly copied, but often with significant modifications. The stupa became the most favored religious building and temples were rarely built. Wooden monasteries constructed on a raised wooden platform largely replaced the brick and stucco monasteries of Pagan. A number of Burmese styles arose, particularly in sculpture, as a result of fewer contacts with India due to the Muslim invasions there and the Muslim destruction of Buddhist religious sites. Burmese styles of painting develop and in the nineteenth century borrow pictorial devices from the West. The Mandalay Style that arose during the latter half of the Post Pagan Period became dominant in central Burma and has continued until the present as the preferred style in Burmese art.

Installing an Intake :: essays research papers

Installing an aftermarket intake is easier then you think with these easy to follow instructions. All that is needed are a few basic tools: a regular screw driver (flat head) and a ratchet with a 3/8† bit and an adjustable wrench. There is no need to jack the car up for installing this part; all that is needed is to pop the hood.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After you have gathered all of your tools, pop the hood and get familiar with what you we will be replacing. The intake is the big black plastic box found at the lower left hand corner of the engine and the pipe that runs up to the intake manifold that is at the top of the engine. What the short ram intake does is create a more direct path to the intake manifold; it also increases the amount of air taken in with the bigger filter. Before doing anything to the car, it is always a good idea to take the negative terminal off the battery just so there is no power in the wires in case something slips. Use your adjustable wrench and loosen the negative terminal on the battery. Now just pull the wire off and let it rest somewhere on the battery making sure it is not touching the positive terminal or the negative terminal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now that the battery is disconnected, let’s start by loosening the clamp at the intake manifold and the intake pipe. Use the screw driver and loosen the clamp until you can get your small finger underneath the clamp. There should be two bots holding down the intake box. Use the ratchet with your 3/8† bit and use the bolts right out and place them somewhere safe in case you ever decide to put the old intake back on. Now that the bolts are out, carefully pull up on the air box and remove it from the connecting pipes under it. The air box should just come up so just wiggle it a bit if it appears to be stuck. Now pull the intake pipe off the intake manifold but watch for the clamp you will need this for the next step. Once again if it appears to be stuck just, give it a little wiggle. Now pull the entire piece out of the engine and you will notice a lot of free space. You are now ready to put in the AEM short ram intake. Installing an Intake :: essays research papers Installing an aftermarket intake is easier then you think with these easy to follow instructions. All that is needed are a few basic tools: a regular screw driver (flat head) and a ratchet with a 3/8† bit and an adjustable wrench. There is no need to jack the car up for installing this part; all that is needed is to pop the hood.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After you have gathered all of your tools, pop the hood and get familiar with what you we will be replacing. The intake is the big black plastic box found at the lower left hand corner of the engine and the pipe that runs up to the intake manifold that is at the top of the engine. What the short ram intake does is create a more direct path to the intake manifold; it also increases the amount of air taken in with the bigger filter. Before doing anything to the car, it is always a good idea to take the negative terminal off the battery just so there is no power in the wires in case something slips. Use your adjustable wrench and loosen the negative terminal on the battery. Now just pull the wire off and let it rest somewhere on the battery making sure it is not touching the positive terminal or the negative terminal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now that the battery is disconnected, let’s start by loosening the clamp at the intake manifold and the intake pipe. Use the screw driver and loosen the clamp until you can get your small finger underneath the clamp. There should be two bots holding down the intake box. Use the ratchet with your 3/8† bit and use the bolts right out and place them somewhere safe in case you ever decide to put the old intake back on. Now that the bolts are out, carefully pull up on the air box and remove it from the connecting pipes under it. The air box should just come up so just wiggle it a bit if it appears to be stuck. Now pull the intake pipe off the intake manifold but watch for the clamp you will need this for the next step. Once again if it appears to be stuck just, give it a little wiggle. Now pull the entire piece out of the engine and you will notice a lot of free space. You are now ready to put in the AEM short ram intake.

Festives of Pakistan

Festivals in Pakistan. Shab-e-Barat  :* Religious festival celebrated on 14th of Shaaban, the 8th Islamic month. Prayers, fire works, exchange of sweet dishes and visits. Eid-ul-Fitr*  : Religious festival celebrating end of fasting month on 1st of Shawwal, the 10th month of Islamic   Calendar. Special prayer after sun-rise, exchange of sweet dishes, visits. Sibi Festival:  (Last week of February) At Sibi (Balochistan). Traditional sports, handicrafts exhibition, folk music and dances. Sindh Horse & Cattle Show:  (Last week of February) At Jacobabad (Sindh). Similar activities as in Sibi Festival.Jashan-e-Larkana:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Last week of February)  At Larkana (Sindh). Traditional sports, exhibition of handicrafts, folk music and dances. Bassant With the advent of spring Basant Festival is celebrated with pomp and show in mid February every year in Lahore. In other words this is the spring festival. Alleging that kite flying is a Hindu event is also sheer ignoran ce. The sport originated in China about 5000 years ago, when Hinduism was in non existent. Why single out kite-flying then, especially when it is a source of joy for the old and the young men and women?The simple reason is that Hindu at Basant Festival fly kites for enjoying Basant. With times Muslims who were living together with Hindus in the sub-continent also join them in kite-flying. Since then Muslims are taking participation in just kite-flying at the time of Basant connotating it as Pala Urant. Now a days people of Lahore enjoy it by kite flying competition and by visiting the shrine of saint Madho Lal Hussein, where they assemble to pay their benediction. Lahore is becoming the main focal point for the celebration of this festival in Pakistan. People traditionally fly kites on the roofs of their buildings.It is commonly observed that rest houses, hotels and house of relatives of the participants are fully packed with guests from all over the country. Moreover some five star hotels also arrange this function on their roof top for foreigners and other high class gentry. They also arrange variety of dishes with musical concert. Sometimes Lahorities on this occasion become emotional and in this state create law and order problems for the administration. Some of them use metal thread for kite-flying. Their such a deed oftenly imposes, besides life threat, a serious problem for WAPDA when the thread touches the live wires.In spite of the fact Basant Festival which has no links with the Muslim culture is becoming very popular and being celebrated in Lahore regularly every year with zeal and fervent. Nauroze:  Ã‚  (21-23 March) Celebrated only in Gilgit, Hunza, Skardu and Chitral. Polo, foot-ball, volley-ball and hockey matches, folk dances and music. Pakistan Day *:  Ã‚   (23 March) Commemorating the anniversary of Pakistan Resolution passed on March 23, 1940. Military parade at provincial capitals and Islamabad. Mela Chiraghan (Festival of lamps): (Last week of March) Held for 01 week outside Shalimar Gardens, Lahore.Horse & Cattle Show: (End of March till 1st week of April). At Dera Ismail Khan. Local games, folk dances, music, cattle races and exhibition of local handicrafts. Jashan-e-Shikarpur:  (In April for 01 week) At Shikarpur, Sindh. Cultural activities, local sports and handicrafts exhibition. Eid-ul-Azha *  : Religious festival commemorating the great sacrifice offered by Prophet Abraham. Celebrated on 10 Zilhaj, 12th month of Islamic Calendar. Collective prayers after sun set, sacrifice of   goats, sheep, cows or camels and distribution of meat among relatives, friends and poor. Joshi or Chilimjusht:  Ã‚   (14-15 May)Kalash festival of welcoming spring, held in Kalash Valleys near Chitral. Folk dances, music and exchange of dishes. Shandur Polo Festival Traditional polo tournament between the teams of Chitral and Gilgit is being held on the highest polo ground of the world – The Shandur Pass (Chitral dist rict). Allied activities include fold music, folk dances and other competitions. A tent village along Shandur Lake will be set up in cooperation with the local administration. Utchal:  (15-16 July) A harvest festival, celebrated by Kalash people in Kalash Valleys, Chitral. Eid-e-Milad-un-Nabi *:Birth Anniversary of Prophet Hazrat Mohammad (P. B. U. H). on 12th of Rabi-ul-Awwal – the 3rd month of Islamic Calendar. Independence Day *:  (14 August) Meeting, processions, rallies, decorations and illustrations all over the country. Defense of Pakistan Day:  Ã‚   (06 September) Parades and exhibitions of military equipment at Rawalpindi, Lahore, Peshawar, Quetta and Karachi. Visits to the war memorials. (No national holiday except Armed Forces) Air force Day:  Ã‚  (07 September) Display of latest aircraft of Pakistan Air force and air shows at Rawalpindi, Sargodha, Lahore, Peshawar and Quetta.Phool:  (20 – 25 September) Held in Kalash Valleys near Chitral. Reaping grapes and walnuts, dancing and singing. Lok Mela:  (1st week of October, for one week) Folk Festival held at Islamabad. Folk Music, songs, music contests, folk dances, craftsmen at   work, exhibition and sale of handicrafts. The festival presents a unique opportunity to watch the culture and craft of the whole country at one place. Chowmas:  Ã‚  (18-21 October) Held in Kalash Valleys near Chitral. Welcoming of winter with first snow-fall. Activities restrict to indoor. Karakoram Car Rally:A colorful closing/award giving ceremony was held in Hunza Valley. Prizes, shields, certificates were distributed among the ralliers. SAF-International Karakoram Car Rally was also planned for year 2001, but it was postponed. International Karakoram Car Rally has been proposed to be held during the month of November in 2002 as part of the International Year of Mountains celebrations Birthday of Allama Muhammad Iqbal:  . (09 November) National Poet * . National Industrial Exhibition Islamab ad: Exhibition and sale of Pakistan’s industrial products and handicraft items National Industrial Exhibition Lahore: 3rd week of November for 15 days) Held at Fortress Stadium, Lahore. Exhibition and sale of industrial products and handicrafts of Pakistan. National Horse & Cattle Show Lahore: (3rd week of November for 05 days ) Held at Fortress Stadium, Lahore. Cattle races, cattle dances, tent-pegging, tattoo show, folk music, dances, bands, cultural floats and folk games. The show has been described as an eloquent expression of Pakistan's heritage and an authentic account of its agricultural and industrial achievement's. It is held in Lahore Fortress stadium at the end of February or at First week of March.The fortress stadium, the venue of the show is thronged by active participants, foreign visitors and peoples who watch the festival with great enthusiasm, verve and aplomb. A large number of them are interested in watching and appreciating the best breeds of livestock. M any derive pleasure by watching other activities such as display parade of animals, dances by horses and camels, polo matches, tent pegging, dog shows and their races, vaudeville acts of stuntmen, mass display of military band, rhythmically physical exercise by the children. Tastefully decorated industrial floats and torch light tattoo shows.Additional attractions include a subtle interplay of lights to weave enticing patterns at night and breath taking acts by foreign groups. The show began as a modest exhibition organized by the army to project the cattle wealth of the country in the early fifties. Today it is an international event to which come dignitaries from abroad and visitors and foreign tourists. The organizing committee comprises representatives of a number of agencies including army, rangers, LMC schools, the police, industrialists and the art councils. Christmas and Birth Anniversary   of Quaid-e-Azam  *: (25 DecemberA

Abstract There Has Been A Long Drawn Out Debate On If

Abstract: There has been a long drawn out debate on if the United States should decriminalize or criminalize prostitution. On one end of the spectrum, citizens believe that prostitution is harmful and should be considered a crime, while others believe that incriminating commercial sex workers are a violation of human rights. The pro- human rights side argues that prostitution is defined as adults exchanging time and services for money, as any other day to day employment agreements. Half of the prostitutes in the United States are criminalized, ignored, and abused; which been impacted by the way American has put sex work in a negative category. This is the main reason as to why women who are in the profession, are mistreated and violated†¦show more content†¦II. What is Prostitution We must define what prostitution is to understand the concept behind it. Prostitution is a command debate in American, it is defined as exchanging sexual favors for money or materials (Outshoorn 2 004). In history prostitution involved men exchanging money for sexual favors from women, however in recent history homosexual men are also exchanging sexual favors for money, drugs, or even a place to stay. Prostitution is also known as high-end nonproductive sex, where there is nothing exchanged but sex (Edlund, Korn 2002). Prostitution takes place in brothels, allies, hotels, homes, cars etc†¦ Prostitution is a multibillion-dollar business that the U.S has continued to banned, if workers are caught they will be jailed and prosecuted indefinitely. However, the industry is continuing to boom, provides jobs for low skilled, labor intensive, and is well paid (Edlund, Korn ,2002). However, in order to understand why prostitution is illegal in 51 states in the United States, we be review a brief history of prostitution. III. Brief history of prostitution In the United States Prostitution has always been viewed as problematic throughout the history of the United States and will continue to be. It is also said that during hardship in America women resorted to prostitution as a way to earn wages (Bullough 2012). Because there is very littleShow MoreRelatedDeath Penalty Research Paper1710 Words   |  7 PagesThe Death Penalty Research Paper English Composition ENG101 03 December 2011 Abstract The death penalty is a subject of much debate amongst the American people. Some people support capital punishment while others do not. Examination of sources and analyses of important history regarding the death penalty will hopefully add to the understanding of why it is so important in our day and age to have such a penalty to deter and deal with the most violent of offendersRead MoreNature vs Nurture, a Not Quite a Twin1684 Words   |  7 PagesNature vs Nurture A Not Quite Twin Study Tamara Richardson Seminole State College of Florida Abstract This paper is going to discuss the Nature vs Nurture debate. 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